Women Families and Communities Volume 1 Chapter 9

Master Trunk

Affiliate ix: Human being Rights of Women

Affiliate Summary

• Overview
  • An International Women's Pecker of Rights
  • Women'southward Rights as Human Rights
• Contour: Ex-Child "Slave" Sin Vann Helps Others Escape the Darkness
• Projection: Making Cities Safety for Women
• Questions
• Additional Resources

Chapter ix discusses the intersection of man rights and women's rights. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Confronting Women (CEDAW) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1971, during the UN Decade for Women. It is a binding international instrument that mandates signatory parties to take all appropriate measures to facilitate the advancement of women and the upholding of their human rights. The Beijing Declaration of Activeness, an outcome of the 1995 Beijing Briefing, prepare forth iii objectives relating to the human rights of women: protecting women's human rights through implementing rights-based instruments, ensuring quality and nondiscrimination through the dominion of police, and achieving legal literacy as a means to women'southward political empowerment.

The text highlights ii very dissimilar case studies, i within the Cambodian rescue industry and one in the context of participatory urban development. Sina Vann, a former victim of sexual servitude, runs a rehabilitation and teaching program chosen "Voices for Change" in Cambodia, where she works with women and girls that have been bailiwick to forced labour and sexualized violence. Montreal-based urban planning organisation Women in Cities International (WICI) collaborates with community-based organizations in urban spaces around the world to make cities safer for women.

Fundamental Terms

• Interim for Women in Deplorable Situations (AFESIP) Kingdom of cambodia
• Centro de Intercambino y Servicios Cono Sur Argentina (CISCSA)
• Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination confronting Women (CEDAW)
• Gender Inclusive Cities Program (CIGP)
• International Centre and Network for Information on Criminal offense
• Sina Vann
• Somaly Mam
• United Nations Trust Fund to Terminate Violence Against Women
• Women in Cities International (WICI)

Figure nine.ane: Some countries still fail to accordance human rights to women. Afghan women are amongst those to whom nongovernmental organizations offering assistance because of widespread corruption.

Overview

By Robin N. Haarr

Human rights and fundamental freedoms should be birthrights, but beyond the globe some countries fail to accord human rights to women. Moreover, women are oftentimes victims of human rights abuses. Women's man rights are abused when they cannot participate in decisions that affect their lives and are denied political participation and fair representation, when they are prevented from going to schoolhouse or receiving health care, when they face discrimination in employment, when they are denied equal rights to own state and property, when they suffer from violence inside their homes and when they are subjected to harmful traditional practices such as genital mutilation and award killings.

Recognition of women'southward rights began in some countries as they evolved from feudal into more representative forms of government. In the United States, awareness of women's rights came with the ethics of the American Revolution. Strong and intelligent women such as Abigail Adams, wife of the second U.S. president, John Adams, demanded fair and equal treatment, and warned presciently, "If particular care and attention is non paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a rebellion, and will non hold ourselves leap past any laws in which nosotros have no voice or representation." She also advocated equal access to teaching for girls, writing to her husband, who then represented the new American republic in Paris: "I regret the trifling narrow contracted education of the females of my own country." Women'southward suffrage movements began in the Usa and Great Britain in the mid-19th century and in a few European countries in the early 20th century.

Women's human rights merely emerged as a global movement during the Un Decade for Women (1976-1985), when women from many unlike geographic, cultural, religious, racial and class backgrounds came together and organized to improve the status of women. It was during this decade that the United Nations sponsored several women'due south conferences — Mexico City in 1975, Copenhagen in 1980 and Nairobi in 1985 — to evaluate the status of women and to formulate strategies for women's advancement.

An International Women'southward Bill of Rights

The Convention on the Emptying of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), a key international agreement on women'southward human rights, was adopted past the United Nations General Assembly in 1979. CEDAW is often described as an international bill of rights for women. Its preamble and 30 manufactures aim to eliminate gender discrimination and promote gender equality. The convention defines discrimination against women as "any distinction, exclusion or restriction fabricated on the basis of sex" that impedes women'south "human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or whatever other field." It sets an agenda for national action to terminate such discrimination, requiring all parties to the convention to have "all advisable measures, including legislation, to ensure the full development and advancement of women" and guarantee their fundamental freedoms "on a basis of equality with men."

Figure ix.ii: A mural near Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, commemorates hundreds of women who were murdered and left in the desert almost that city.

As of 2009, 186 United nations member states had ratified CEDAW. The Obama assistants strongly supports this treaty and is committed to U.Southward. ratification. Country parties to CEDAW agree to comprise principles of gender equality into their national constitutions or other appropriate legislation; to prefer appropriate legislation and other measures that prohibit discrimination against women; and to establish legal protections of their rights on an equal basis with men.

Women'southward human being rights employ to both the "public" and "private" spheres of women's lives. For many governments, yet, addressing women's rights in the "private" sphere is challenging because the private sphere is often idea to be across the purview of the land, exempt from governmental scrutiny and intervention (UNIFEM [now UN Women], Virtually the Convention). Equally a outcome, in many countries, discrimination and violence against women and girls that occur in the family and nether the guise of religious and cultural traditions and practices continue to remain hidden in the private sphere, where perpetrators of such homo rights abuses typically enjoy impunity for their deportment.

Women's Rights as Human Rights

Since the 1980s, women around the globe take come together in networks and coalitions to raise awareness about problems of discrimination, inequality and violence. They accept used a human rights framework to fight for women's rights in the family, social, economic and political arenas. An important outcome of the 1995 Beijing Fourth World Conference on Women was the Beijing Proclamation and Platform for Action. These documents embody the international community's commitment to advance and empower women and remove obstacles in the public and private spheres that take historically limited women's full participation. The Platform for Action sets forth three strategic objectives related to the homo rights of women: to promote and protect women'south human being rights through the full implementation of all homo rights instruments (peculiarly CEDAW), to ensure equality and nondiscrimination under the law and in do, and to achieve legal literacy. Governments carry the chief responsibleness, but persons, organizations and enterprises are important in taking concrete actions to improve women's lives.

So-U.Due south. first lady Hillary Clinton famously alleged at the 1995 Beijing briefing that "human rights are women's rights," adding, "Women must enjoy the right to participate fully in the social and political lives of their countries if we want freedom and democracy to thrive and endure."

CEDAW and the Beijing Announcement and Platform for Action signaled the successful mainstreaming of women's rights as human rights. Although the Beijing Annunciation and Platform for Action are not legally binding, they do behave upstanding and political weight and can be used to pursue local, regional and national efforts to address women's human rights. CEDAW is a treaty that is binding on its parties.

The principles and practices related to women's human rights are continuously evolving. The big torso of international covenants, agreements and commitments to women's man rights developed over the by several decades provides women with an culling vision and vocabulary to confront violations to their human being rights. Such guidelines are important tools for political activism and a framework for developing concrete strategies for change.

Robin N. Haarr is a professor of criminal justice at Eastern Kentucky University whose research focuses on violence against women and children and human trafficking, nationally and internationally. She does research and policy piece of work for the United Nations and U.S. embassies, and has received several awards for her work, including induction into the Wall of Fame at Michigan State University'due south School of Criminal Justice, and the CoraMae Richey Mann "Inconvenient Woman of the Year" Accolade from the American Order of Criminology, Division on Women and Offense.

Profile: Ex-Kid "Slave" Sina Vann Helps Others Escape the Darkness

Past Eric Dark-green

Figure 9.3: Sina Vann, a kid sex slave for two years in Kingdom of cambodia, now uses her traumatic by to save other young women and girls entrapped in the same situation. Vann leads the Voices for Alter program for a Cambodian foundation that offers compassion, empathy and a adventure for rehabilitation into social club for those victimized by sexual predators.

It would exist understandable if Sina Vann tried to forget her real-life nightmare: being enslaved as a xiii-twelvemonth-erstwhile and forced into prostitution for two years in Cambodia. Girls in Vann's former predicament, trapped as sex slaves, never know the divergence between night and day. They are imprisoned in underground cages until brought into a room where they are forced to accept sex with 1 customer after another.

Though her childhood innocence was stolen from her, Vann, now 25, returns oft to the scene of the crime to salve other girls dehumanized by the sexual practice trade manufacture. The girls can be as young every bit 4 years one-time.

"When I go to the brothels, I always say things to the girls to motivate them," says Vann. "I share my personal groundwork of how I lived in a brothel too. I tell them yous're not lone, there are many other victims and survivors who are living in rehabilitation centers and that there are people who care and are always thinking about you lot. We offer them warmth and love."

Equally she speaks in a phone interview from Kingdom of cambodia, the English language Vann has been learning comes beyond softly merely in determined and confident tones. She describes how her life has turned around since she was ensnared for two years every bit a sex slave.

Vann was rescued during a 1998 raid organized by anti-sexual activity slavery activist Somaly Mam. Mam is also a sex slave survivor who documented her experience in an autobiography, The Road to Lost Innocence. The nongovernmental foundation she created in 1996, called AFESIP Cambodia (Acting for Women in Sorry Situations), has rescued more than than half-dozen,000 young women and girls since its founding. It runs big shelters in Southeast Asia for the girls' rehabilitation and return to normal lives.

Vann now leads Somaly Mam's "Voices for Change" program, where she speaks out for sexual practice slaves unable to speak for themselves. "Nosotros work directly with the victims to build warm relationships and mind to their experiences," she says.

At the brothels, Vann educates immature women about the dangers of contracting HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases when they are forced to have unprotected sexual practice with clients. Many women are unaware they tin die from HIV/AIDS, Vann says, "then I tell them the importance of the clients using condoms."

Vann finds information technology difficult to explain how she overcame the trauma of being trapped in the prostitution manufacture. Merely it's easier for her to say where her motivation to assistance others comes from: "Somaly Mam and the AFESIP staff did so much to change me while I lived at the [system's] rehabilitation center. And I go much motivation from the young residents who live in that location. These girls are so lovely — their grin faces make me experience strong to be able to help them."

Somaly Mam says she has seen a remarkable positive transformation in Vann since Mam helped police force authorities rescue the Vietnamese native, so 14, from the brothels. "Sina has changed completely since the first time I met her at the rehabilitation eye," says Mam. "She was so broken. She didn't speak to me and was destructive, trying to interruption everything in the center. I put my hand in hers and didn't say a word, but let her know I understood what she was feeling."

Figure 9.iv: Somaly Mam, former Cambodian sex slave and founder of a rescue organization, works at a dressmaker'southward shop that employs rescued girls.

Now the mentee motivates the mentor. "Sina is so strong and brave. I admire her. She inspires me every day. She gives her center to all the other" victims at the heart, Mam says.

She adds that the former victims learn how to become independent: "The girls go to school and practise homework" and gain job skills that include how to sew together and manner pilus. "For me, I enjoy seeing the girls exist happy again. They're like my family."

Mam's foundation said Vann'south story is instructive in the global fight against sex activity slavery — for people unaware that sexual practice slavery is happening, for those who desire to end information technology, for women still trapped in brothels and for "the survivors who are emerging from the darkness and need inspiration to rebuild their lives."

Vann says she has learned the laws on man trafficking and has become familiar with basic counseling and psychology every bit function of her training with AFESIP. She also does the grueling and sometimes dangerous groundwork of documenting abuses and preparing complaints for police investigative and legal teams to issue abort warrants to brothel operators. She recalls a frightening and "rewarding" experience of rescuing a sex activity slave victim who was only 4 years one-time that involved a violent confrontation with brothel owners to free the child from a cage.

Vann won the 2009 Frederick Douglass $x,000 prize, which is awarded past the Washington-based nongovernmental arrangement Costless the Slaves. It is presented to those who have survived a form of slavery and aid others find purpose in their lives. The laurels, named for a U.S. statesman who escaped from bondage in 1838 to go a leader in the motility to abolish slavery, emphasizes that many survivors of modern-twenty-four hour period slavery go on to help others to freedom.

Vann says the award is important "for all the victims and survivors" of sex slavery who live around the world. She uses the award to explicate that "we are stiff to fight" the sex predators, she says.

Free the Slaves maintains that "widespread impoverishment of people and their resulting vulnerability and regime corruption" that does non protect women from the "violence of enslavement" drive 21st-century slavery. The grouping says slavery occurs "when ane person completely controls another person, using violence to maintain that control, exploits them economically, pays them nothing and they cannot walk away."

Vann says young sex slaves include those "trafficked past their own families for money," while the traffickers are "thinking of their ain profits and non the happiness of others."

Though she suffered an unspeakable childhood horror, Vann has not allowed it to destroy her. "I am very happy because the world is concerned" about fighting the sex slave industry. One-time sexual practice slaves, she says, are being "given a chance to render to social club with honour and dignity."

Eric Dark-green is a freelance writer based in Washington. He has covered international issues for the U.South. State Department and the The states Information Agency and has been a Senate printing aide and a paper reporter for the Washington Post and other newspapers.

PROJECT: Making Cities Safe for Women

By Maria Jain and Suhgenie Kim

Women and girls are the keys to building safer cities. So say members of a unique organization that gives women tools to protect themselves and role finer in urban environments.

Women in Cities International (WICI) is a groundbreaking program that promotes women's safety in iv of the world's major cities. Responding to the challenges of urbanization, the organization works with women and girls to fulfill their rights to the city, defined as the right to live, move around and piece of work.

"A girl is waiting for the bus, but information technology arrives full and doesn't fifty-fifty end. A man invites her for a coffee and she says no. He tells her that it doesn't matter; she has to go with him anyway. The girl threatens to call the police simply the human being drags her away and rapes her." This is the safety concern expressed by a 13-year-old daughter from Rosario, Argentina.

Across the globe's cities, women and girls too often feel unsafe. Targeted simply considering they are women, they are exposed to daily harassment and sexual violence in public spaces. But a growing network of organizations has successfully brought safety for women in urban environments around the world.

In 2009, the Montreal-based nonprofit arrangement Women in Cities International launched the Gender Inclusive Cities Programme (GICP), an innovative plan designed to engage women and girls in creating safer cities. The program is implemented past partner organizations in four cities: Jagori in New Delhi, India; the International Middle and Network for Information on Crime — Tanzania, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; CISCSA (Centro de Intercambio y Servicios Cono Sur Argentina) — the Women and Habitat Network in Rosario, Argentina; and the Information Eye of the Independent Women's Forum in Petrozavodsk, Russia. The program targets circumstances that make women and girls vulnerable to urban violence and engages local communities in making public spaces safer.

GICP is supported by the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence Confronting Women, a leading global grant-maker exclusively dedicated to addressing violence against women and girls. With a strong track record of nurturing innovation and catalyzing modify, the U.N. Trust Fund provides the project with vital leverage to make a meaning contribution to women's rights in cities.

Effigy ix.v: Women and girls conduct a "safe audit" walk to identify dangerous areas in their Rosario, Argentina, neighborhood.

Figure nine.vi: Women identified the lack of pavement every bit severely restricting their mobility and adding to their fear of violence in this area of New Delhi.

"In all the cities, women face fear. They are fearful of sexual harassment, of sexual set on. Across the cities, women say they try to avoid getting out at nighttime. The moment it becomes dark, the city becomes a more hostile place for women. Women say using public transport is a problem," states Dr. Kalpana Viswanath, project coordinator. "This conspicuously indicates that women are not equal citizens of the city, they are not able to as access what the city tin offer."

WICI and its partners engage women and girls in participatory research activities such as street surveys, neighborhood prophylactic audits and group discussions to gather their knowledge on primal safety concerns in their communities. Poor street lighting, broken pavements and lack of signage, along with the presence of drug dealers and youth gangs, are some of the master reasons women feel afraid exterior their homes. Using the critical input from women and girls, WICI and its partners develop intervention plans and engage with governments and other organizations to build more than gender-inclusive urban spaces.

While reforming physical infrastructure is central to gender-equitable urban development, transforming attitudes toward women in society is equally important. A foundation for a truly prophylactic city for all depends on positive changes in public perception of gender norms and behaviors amongst individuals, families and communities.

Halfway through the three-year project, WICI has already fabricated pregnant progress. In Petrozavodsk, Russian federation, a landmark agreement with local law chiefs will develop data on crimes based on information from women and girls. The creation of such quantitative data is unprecedented in Russia and makes women'south safe concerns visible to policymakers.

Local officials in a low-income community in Dar es Salaam accept begun a customs policing intervention. Neighborhood lookout man groups monitor the surface area and work with the police to address security concerns. As a result, residents written report improved rubber in public areas. Muggings have decreased from a minimum of 10 per day to three per calendar week. In the words of one woman from the community, "I feel confident when I walk the streets. I know for sure that I have right to walk without feeling afraid and I capeesh myself more and can talk about bug on our condom in public meetings."

In New Delhi, the Indian pb of GICP was invited by the city's Municipal Corporation to provide inputs into a road redesign project. This is the kickoff fourth dimension that women's safety concerns are included in urban planning in the land.

The secretary of community security for Santa Fe Province in Rosario has committed to enhancing women's inclusion in urban space development in the target locality of the city. For the girl at the motorcoach stop, such commitment promises to create a metropolis where she can wait without fearfulness in a well-illuminated surface area amongst male passengers who respect her right to move effectually the urban center.

Maria Jain and Suhgenie Kim are program analysts at the Un Trust Fund to End Violence Against Women in New York. They work closely with the fund's grantees, who develop and implement approaches that protect women's rights worldwide.

Multiple Chocie Questions

Questions

1. Which international instrument is legally bounden?
   1. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
   2. The Beijing Announcement and Platform for Action
   3. Declaration on the Emptying of Violence Against women
   4. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
   5. None of the above
2. The strategic objectives of the Beijing Platform for Activity include:
   1. Promoting and protecting women's homo rights through the full implementation of human rights instruments
   2. Ensuring equality and non-discrimination in both law and exercise
   3. Achieving legal literacy
   4. All of the in a higher place
   5. None of the above
3. The responsibility for implementing international human rights instruments falls to…
   1. Governments merely
   2. Civil society and enterprise only through advocacy and implementation
   3. Primarily governments; civil society and business past way of advocacy
   4. Primarily ceremonious society; limited responsibility on the part of governments
   5. None of the in a higher place
4. According to the chapter, AFESIP Cambodia…
   1. Engages in rescue missions to relieve girls who are entrapped as sex slaves in Cambodia
   2. Works to accost political and economic insecurity that drives people into situations of labour exploitation
   3. Organizes women and girls in low-wage industries to lobby for their own human being rights
   4. Runs instruction programs among sexual practice slaves in Kingdom of cambodia
5. According to the chapter, concerns specially prevalent amongst women in urban spaces include…
   1. Fears of sexual harassment
   2. Sexual attack
   3. Fright of going out at night
   4. Using public transport
   5. All of the above
6. The terminate goal of planning a truly rubber city is…
   1. But changes in physical infrastructure (including improved lighting in public spaces)
   2. Reforming physical infrastructure every bit well every bit social attitudes towards women
   3. Only changing attitudes towards women and girls
   4. Conducting advancement work around gender equality and access to public spaces
   5. None of the to a higher place

Answers

1. The correct respond is CEDAW (answer A). States that have ratified the convention must submit condition reports to the commission on their implementation every four years. Declarations are generally non-binding (so answers B and C are incorrect). The MDGs are also not legally binding, and then reply D is incorrect.
2. The right respond is D (all of the above). In that location are three strategic objectives of the Beijing Platform for Action, which include promoting and protecting women's human rights through the full implementation of human rights instruments, ensuring equality and not-bigotry in both law and practice, and achieving legal literacy.
3. The correct answer is C. Governments have the primary responsibility to implement human rights conventions, and civil society has an important role to play in taking actions to keep regime accountable every bit duty bearers as well as in the context of implementation and service provision.
4. The correct answer is A. AFESIP Kingdom of cambodia partakes in rescue missions to save girls that it deems as entrapped as sex slaves. The organisation does not direct its energy to addressing political and economical insecurities that may lead to forced labour, so answer B is incorrect. AFESIP claims to speak for women who 'cannot speak for themselves,' so they do not organize women to lobby for their own man rights, so answer C is incorrect. Respond D is correct, every bit the affiliate clearly noted that education programs are run in Cambodia for girls who are exploited as sex slaves.
5. The correct answer is E (all of the higher up).
6. The correct answer is B. Creating a safe city for men and women requires both reforming physical infrastructure and social attitudes toward women.

Word Questions

1. What are some key factors that might render someone vulnerable to forced labour or sexual servitude? Examine the instance study on sex trafficking and slavery in Kingdom of cambodia for ideas.
2. How is trafficking perpetuated in the media and in pop soapbox? Who are nigh commonly portrayed as the victims of trafficking, and who are portrayed as the perpetrators?
3. Practise you consider the community you live in – urban or rural – safe for women? What instances of danger for women, including violence against women, harassment in the workplace, or sexual assault, are prevalent in your community? Are there whatever local initiatives that are underway to accost these issues?
4. Why is quantitative data considered valuable when trying to persuade policymakers? What are the limitations of relying on quantitative data when working to advance gender equality?
5. How have women participated in the urban design field? Are their influences and achievements recognized? Why or why not?

Essay Questions

1. Talk over the implementation of CEDAW. Is the convention legally binding? What are mechanisms that the United nations uses to enforce international human being rights instruments? Why have some countries chosen to night sign or support CEDAW?
2. Exercise yous call back it is authentic to compare forced labour in the 21st century to transatlantic or chattel slavery? Await at external sources to notice some similarities and differences.
3. Does the inadequate representation of women in urban planning impact the material pattern of infrastructure? If more women were involved in city planning, would urban landscapes be different?

Additional Resources

Al Jazeera. "Truth or Lies: Somaly Mam."
Video on Al Jazeera's investigation into the story of Cambodian anti-trafficking crusader Somaly Mam.

http://world wide web.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2015/02/truth-lies-somaly-mam-150204125917184.html

Agustín, L. The Naked Anthropologist.
Weblog by Dr. Laura Agustín on migration, sex piece of work, trafficking, and the rescue industry.

http://world wide web.lauraagustin.com/

Across Trafficking and Slavery. OpenDemocracy.
A series that combines scholarship, journalism and evidence-based policy to uncover the political, economic, and social root causes of labour exploitation.

https://world wide web.opendemocracy.net/beyondslavery

Cojocaru, C. "My Feel is Mine to Tell: Challenging the Abolitionist Victimhood Framework." Anti-Trafficking Review 7(2016).
Written past a formerly trafficked person and introduces the concept of 'secondary exploitation.'

http://www.antitraffickingreview.org/index.php/atrjournal/commodity/view/198

Committee on the Emptying of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). United Nations Human Rights: Office of the Loftier Commissioner.
Homepage of CEDAW, the body of independent experts that monitors states' implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Bigotry confronting Women.

http://world wide web.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/cedaw/pages/cedawindex.aspx

Hoefinger, H. "Neoliberal Sexual Humanitarianism and Story-Telling: The Example of Somaly Mam." Anti-Trafficking Review seven, 56 – 78: (2016).
Outlines the story of Somaly Mam and the power of trafficking narratives to muster deep emotions amongst audiences and cause impairment to already marginalized populations.

http://world wide web.antitraffickingreview.org/index.php/atrjournal/article/view/200/189

International Labour Organization (ILO). "Forced Labour, Human Trafficking and Slavery."
ILO webpage on forced labour and trafficking with key facts, labour standards, and reports.

http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/lang–en/alphabetize.htm

International Matrimony of Sex activity Workers.Website for the International Union of Sex Workers, containing entrada updates and publications.

http://world wide web.iusw.org/

Office of the High Commissioner for Homo Rights. "Oftentimes Asked Questions most a Human Rights Based Approach to Development Cooperation."
Information on the objectives and processes of the homo rights-based approach.

http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FAQen.pdf

Small, A. "How to Pattern a City for Women." CityLab.
Article on successful gender mainstreaming planning in Vienna during the 1990s.

http://www.citylab.com/commute/2013/09/how-blueprint-city-women/6739/

Rustin, Susanna. "If Women Built Cities, What Would Our Urban Landscape Wait Like?" Guardian.Assay of women'southward historical and electric current role in urban planning and urban design.

https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/dec/05/if-women-built-cities-what-would-our-urban-landscape-expect-like

Women in Cities International (WICI).
Website for WICI, a network of not-profits focusing on gender equality and the participation of women in urban evolution.

http://femmesetvilles.org/

Yeoh, B. "Migration and Gender Politics in Southeast Asia." Migration, Mobility & Displacement 2(1), 74 – 88: (2016).
Contains an analysis of the micropolitics reproduced by men and women both partaking in and resisting cultural shifts and economic development.
https://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/mmd/event/view/916/showToc

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Source: https://opentextbc.ca/womenintheworld/chapter/chapter-9-human-rights-of-women/

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